Tag: Tony K. Stewart

Book Review by Gracy Samjetsabam

Title: Needle at the Bottom of the Sea: Classic Bengali Tales from the Sundarbans

Translator: Tony K. Stewart

Publisher: Speaking Tiger Books

What comes to mind when we think of the Sundarbans? Verdant mangroves, elusive Bengal tigers, and the mystique of the Bay of Bengal. But the late Tony K. Stewart’s Needle at the Bottom of the Sea reminds us of another legacy—its rich cultural heritage. Stewart, a Gertrude Conway Vanderbilt Chair who did pioneering work in Bengali narratives, passed on in October 2024. This vivid collection of five timeless kathas (stories), one co-translated with Ayesha A. Irani, a scholar from University of Massachusetts, starts with a compelling introduction to the diverse syncretic traditions of the region.

The anthology has five stories that are translated lyrically in the form of story poems filled with suspense and surprises. The opening verse from the first translated katha “The Auspicious Tale of the Lord of the Southern Regions — the Rāy Maṅgal of Kṛṣṇarām Dās” poetically sets the mood of the genre and gracefully takes the reader to familiar and unfamiliar grounds and it goes as follows —

With palms pressed together in respect,
I praise the lotus feet and magnificent girth of
the Lord Dakṣiṇ Rāy, Master of the Southern Regions, …
Against Baḍa Khān Gāji, the Great Sufi Warrior,
You waged war throughout the territory’s canals and channels,
but in the end you became close, fast friends.

The narrative depicts the incredible sophistication of the diversity in India with relatable characters and compelling themes, evoking emotions that we feel at different junctures of life, between life and death irrespective of religion, caste, culture or creed. Stewart uses vivid imagery and figurative enhanced with rhyme and rhythm to bring just enough for the reader in English without diluting the beauty of the language or history and culture of the original work. The beauty and quality of the literature is translation set in the beginning is maintained throughout the five sections. The rich mystical and spiritual spirit of the region is evoked in the coming together of the cultural elements in Hinduism and Sufism. As the introduction is named, the book is truly a unique flavour that brings “Bengali Tales from the Land of Eighteen Tides”      

In these tales, the mythic meets the moral. Demigod Daksin Ray and Sufi warrior Bada Khan Gaji clash on the battlefield, commanding armies of tigers, until God intervenes as Satya Pir to mediate peace. They cross paths again when Gaji battles for his beloved Princess Campavati, and once more during Ray’s confrontation with Bonbibi, the forest’s matron-protector—each time with Gaji or Satya Pir stepping in to guide or save. Other stories follow Madansundar’s search for his lost brothers with Satya Pir’s help, while Khwaja Khizr aids Gaji in retrieving a needle from the sea, affirming his identity as a living saint, or “jinda pir”.

Stewart’s translation is a triumph of linguistic artistry. He brings alive a world of talking tigers, floating rocks, flying trees, giants, miracle-working saints, and more. These fantastical elements coexist with deeply human struggles, as the characters strive for honor and morality in a corrupt and chaotic world. The stories, drawn from 16th- and 17th-century oral traditions, are richly interwoven with both Hindu and Muslim worldviews, offering a textured portrayal of a pluralistic Bengali society.

The tales are full of romance and adventure—unlikely heroes and heroines, ocean-faring merchants, whimsical gods, revered prophets, and powerful zamindars. They reflect familiar events and cultural motifs of the Bangla-speaking world, infused with imaginative solutions and heroic feats. Stewart captures the emotional and linguistic nuance of the original Bangla, carefully preserving idioms and explaining cultural references to ensure resonance with an English-speaking audience.

The result is not just a literary collection, but a vital cultural document. It offers anglophone readers insight into the everyday lives, beliefs, and spiritual practices of the Sundarbans’ inhabitants, where Islam and Hinduism blend in creative harmony. These tales situate the Sundarbans within the broader currents of South Asian and Indian Ocean history, illustrating how Islamic narratives became integral to the Bengali literary imagination.

Needle at the Bottom of the Sea is a scholarly feat and a literary delight. Stewart’s careful and rich translations open a portal to a fantastical world grounded in real human values. These stories resonate across boundaries, blending chaos with compassion, conflict with harmony, and myth with morality. A remarkable contribution to Bengali literary studies and interreligious history, this book is essential reading for anyone interested in Translation Studies, South Asian literature, folklore, or cultural syncretism.

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Gracy Samjetsabam  is a freelance writer and copy editor. Her interest is in Indian English Writings, Comparative Literature, Gender Studies, Culture Studies, and World Literature. 

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